Structure and Functions of Biomolecules, If you want the structure and functions of biomolecules then you have come to the right place. Here you will find the four Biomolecules.
Structure and Functions of Biomolecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Nucleic acid
4. Lipids
CARBOHYDRATES||CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES.
"Carbohydrates are biomolecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms within the ratio of 1:2:1".
We can represent the proportion of those elements within carbohydrate molecules with the formula CH2O.
Carbohydrates are often termed as such rights which means sugar carbohydrates are mainly classified into three major groups known as:
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
let's talk about monosaccharides the world mono means one and these are the simplest types of carbohydrates found in nature there are general chemical formulas cnh2n mon-sat your eyes are further classified into aldoses and ketoses.
Aldo's monosaccharides are the ones that have aldehyde as a functional group examples Aldo's included grosser aldehyde and glucose Eidos monocyte rites are the one that has ketone as a functional group example of ketose includes fructose all ago said you're right these are the carbohydrates that have to 210 monosaccharide units linked together to form a chain depending on the number of monosaccharides units present oligosaccharides are classified as disaccharide for two monosaccharides trisaccharides for three monosaccharides and so on the example of disaccharides include sucrose lactose and maltose sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose lactose is made up of galactose and glucose example of tri such rights is raffinose is made up of galactose glucose and fructose.
let's talk about polysaccharides, polysaccharides are the carbohydrates that helped many monosaccharides linked together to form long-chain polysaccharides have a high molecular weight and often form colloids when dissolved in water they can either be branched or unbranched polysaccharides are usually classified into homo polysaccharides and hatred polysaccharides homo polysaccharides are the polymer of say mono saturated units while heater polysaccharides are the polymer of different polysaccharide example homopolysaccharide includes charge and cellulose in case of charge the glucose molecules are linked together by alpha one four linkage one case of cellulose the glucose molecules are linked together by beta one four linkage example he drew polysaccharide includes chondroitin first sulfate it's made up of repeating units of glucuronic acid and n acetyl galactose a mind for sulfate.
Monosaccharides.
Carbohydrate known as a monosaccharide so the simplest carbohydrates are called monosaccharides and they're basically the monomers or building blocks for more of the complex carbohydrates so remember when we talk about biological molecules we have individual units known as monomers and we have monomers joined together into chains and these become polymers, in this case, one of these units for carbohydrate is known as a monosaccharide with saccharide referring to sugar and the mono referring to one and many of these can join up to form more complex carbohydrates in exactly the same way so if we form two monosaccharides and form a bond between them we then form a disaccharide so the only thing that changes is the idea that we've gone from mono which means one to dye which means two so here we have two individual monosaccharides and in forming a bond between them we have two monomers joined together which is now known as a disaccharide and if we were to add many many more monosaccharides into a chain we end up with more than two three four we end up joining up to make a polysaccharide we're poly as in a case with any biological molecule means many so this is the polymer of a carbohydrate so if we had four monosaccharides joined together each of them gets their own bond between each monosaccharide and we end up with a polysaccharide as basically just changing the prefixes of the words, monosaccharides have particular properties as these individual units they're soluble so they can dissolve and they're sweet tasting carbohydrates so they're also known commonly as sugars so by definition monosaccharides are single sugar monomers they are the simplest carbohydrates you cannot get smaller carbohydrates than these and they have their own general formula as well not to be confused with the general formula of general carbohydrates the general formula of a monosaccharide is c h2o so those three elements again and then we put this all in brackets and we put em underneath so this formula is basically saying that you have a certain number of carbon atoms and a certain number of oxygen atoms but twice the number of hydrogen atoms so if you had a monosaccharide with three you'd have n is 3 3 carbons 3 oxygens and six hydrogens so this is the general formula for any of those monosaccharides single units so barring this formula in mind the molecular formula for each type of sugar or each type of monosaccharides can we work it out just by using the formula so we find the molecular formula which is the actual number of atoms in the sugar using the general formula which is to be applied to any of them so let's just go through each sugar where we've got three carbon atoms four carbon atoms five and six so the general formula is C h2o n so if we have three carbons we would have C is 3 H 2 so that's 2 times 3 which is 6 and then o is the same as the carbon and then if we had four we would have C 4 H is always double this so H 8 and then we would have a 4 again so you can see the pattern for monosaccharides is there's always the same number of carbons and oxygens but the hydrogen's are double for the five carbon one we would have C 5 H 10:05 and six would be c6 h-12 o-6 so what we've got is we've got different types of monosaccharides with different numbers of carbons and what you can have is you can have a specific name for the sugar like glyceraldehyde 3os ribose but you can also have a general term for any sugar with a certain number of carbons so a monosaccharide that ever has three carbons is known as a try Oh's so you'll find that sugars tend to end in o's just like glucose or fructose try o's is a general term for any sugar with three carbons and then a four carbon one would be a Tet row just like tetrahedron has four sides so tetra refers to any sugar with four carbons like this one pentose four five and hexose four six and what we've got in this table is a few examples so a tri on sugar has three carbons and if it's a monosaccharide it has three six and three an example of this is glyceraldehyde so which of these red dots is carbon and you can see there are three of them each of those would be bound to various hydrogen's and so you can count the hydrogen's there are six of them and then you can count the oxygens at which there would be three an example of a tet rose is known as three o's pentose is known as ribose which we'll talk about it in another and the hexo is probably the most common glucose you've heard of is glucose so for any sugar that you're given you can work out its molecular formula based on the general formula and therefore it's a type of sugar known as either attires if it's three Tet rows of its four etc there's one hexose that we've mentioned here which is glucose but there are two other commonly found hexose monosaccharides which you may have heard of known as fructose and galactose so remember that both still monosaccharides so single unit carbohydrates but they're both hexoses so you've got fructose and galactose and they're both hex those monosaccharides which mean they have six carbons in their ring and so they're classed with in this family so there's a lot of levels here but think about hexose etc refers to how many carbons monosaccharides are the individual units of any carbohydrate and then carbohydrate is the whole family so to think of it in different layers glucose is one of the most heard of examples of a sugar and it is a monosaccharide and we describe it as a hexose sugar because it has six carbons so if we were to look at the molecule here we can see we've got one two three four five six carbons it doesn't matter what shape it is if it ever has six carbons it's automatically classed as a hexose hence hexagon six sites so it doesn't matter where the carbons are in any monosaccharides however many carbons it dictates what type of sugar it is and remembers we can work out the molecular formula using the general formula for a monosaccharide which is c h2o n so if we know it is a hexose we've got six carbons which means there are H 2 n so 12 hydrogen's and the same number of oxygens which is 6 so the molecular formula for glucose is c6h12o6 glucose is a really important sugar and it pops up in lots of aspects of biology it's the main source of energy in respiration for any cells so glucose molecules are combined with the oxygen that we breathe in from the air and it reacts to give two side products and one useful product so it gives co2 and water which are both not really used much and it's also used to produce an important molecule is known as ATP and it's from this ATP that we get our energy so glucose is important to carry out respiration and this whole process of making ATP is what we call respiration it's not only used as energy but remember we said carbohydrates are used in a structural role to it's the building block for larger carbohydrates so in this long-chain here we have a polysaccharide and the monosaccharides in this case are glucose and when we have a polysaccharide of glucose arranged in this spiral structure we have a particular molecule is known as amylose which is part of starch so as a building block for larger molecules so in order to be suited for these properties glucose is well adapted it has particular features in its molecule that make it good as an energy source and to be able to build up into building blocks so, first of all, it's a very small monosaccharide so it's easily transported in and out of cells and it's done so through carrier proteins so here we have a cell membrane and let's say that this is outside of the cell and this is inside of the cell specific proteins that are embedded into the cell membrane are called carrier proteins and they're a type of protein in the cell membrane and they can help make this glucose and transport it across the membrane into the cell so this is useful if we want to take up glucose to carry out respiration and because it's small it's able to fit inside these carrier proteins quite easily the carrier proteins change their shape in order to transport the glucose from one side to the other it's also a very soluble molecule because of its size so because of this, it's easily transported around an organism for example for us it can travel in the bloodstream without any extra help other than being dissolved in water it's not very reactive compared to some other monosaccharides so the breakdown in respiration must be catalyzed and controlled by enzymes so even though less reactive is normally a hard thing to get over if the glucose can only react when it enters the enzyme the enzymes can control how often this happens so enzymes control the rate of respiration which is really important if we respire too much or too little this can be a problem and therefore because they're catalyzed by enzymes they're able to control this glucose also exists in what we call isomers so glucose itself doesn't always exist exactly in the same way it has different structural forms are known as isomers so in chemistry, an isomer is a basically a molecule or molecules which have the same chemical formula but they have a different arrangement of their atoms in space so there are lots of examples of this but if we take it in simple terms if we had a carbon-carbon double bond here and we've got two molecules which look very much the same as what we've got is we've got greens both facing upwards on this molecule but on this molecule we've got one facing upwards and then one on this side so overall they have the same chemical formula ie they contain the same number of atoms the same groups the same number of bonds and everything basically is the same identically but they have different arrangement of atoms because now the green and the yellow have swapped over so different arrangement and you might be asking well why doesn't the green and yellow just swap around and usually it would but because of the double bond it's restricted from doing this so this only really happens in molecules where there's some sort of physical block to them just swapping over again the double bonds in the carbon means that these two won't ever swap over again and in some sugars like glucose we have a similar kind of structures stopping this rotation and the number of isomers that something has is basically the number of different arrangements that it can exist in so glucose itself has two isomers one of them is called alpha glucose and the other is called beta glucose and they differ by one single position of a hydroxyl group or an O H group so let's look at glucose and its two isomers here on the left side, we have alpha glucose and on the right side we have beta glucose they look very much the same but the only difference is that on this carbon here the one on the right side on alpha the O H is on the bottom and on beta the air which is on the top so it's these two groups to swap around on the carbon and they can't just swap back easily because of these other bonds remember carbon bonds to four things so because of this strict rotation, they're not allowed to just change between so they're exactly the same molecules six carbons and all the other groups are exactly the same but the difference is alpha the O H is on the bottom and the H is on the top you need to know which is which and sometimes the best way to remember it is that if you think alpha is that where the OHS is on the same side on the beta they're on different sides whatever works for you and obviously that means that when we choose either alpha or beta glucose to build up things ie different polysaccharides they have different properties so we can make different polysaccharides depending on whether we choose to make them out of alpha glucose or whether we choose to make them out of beta glucose as their building blocks so remember we said earlier that some polysaccharides can have alpha glucose as a monosaccharide and in this case, we would have amylose but in other polysaccharides, we have the monomer of beta glucose and an exampleof a polysaccharide where this occurs is known as cellulose which is found in plant cell walls so depending on what the monomer is the polymer that can be very different another important example of a sugar is ribose ribose is a pentose because it has five carbon atoms.
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharide.
A polysaccharide is made when many monosaccharide molecules joined together. the method of condensing many similar molecules to make an outsized molecule is identified as polymerization. Condensation is that the reaction during which a water molecule is released as a byproduct. Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are sorts of polysaccharides formed from the condensation of the many glucose molecules. Starch is one of the foremost important sources of carbohydrates in our food. It occurs commonly present in vegetable foods like cereals, potatoes, etc. However, starch isn't formed or stored by animals. Starch is formed from a really sizable amount of glucose molecules condensed together to make chains of glucose units. These chains are a composition of straight and branched chains. The glucose units are linked by “bridges” or chemical bonds which can contain as many as 200 glucose units. Cellulose is that the sort of carbohydrate that creates up the cell walls of plants. it's almost like starch because it consists of glucose units linked together to make straight chains. Humans cannot digest cellulose, but it forms the majority of undigested matter usually consists of fiber. This fiber is vital to the right functioning of the massive intestine. Glycogen is usually mentioned as “animal starch”.It is a stored sort of carbohydrate in animals and also in fungi. In mammals, it's stored mainly within the liver and within the muscles. it's formed when numerous glucose molecules condensed to make highly branched chains of glucose units. Glycogen and starch are suitable as storage materials thanks to many reasons. a number of these are because they're large and insoluble in water in order that they don't change the pressure within the cells. thanks to their large size, they're unable to diffuse through the cell wall and may easily be hydrolyzed when needed.
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